Rock and Rock-Forming Minerals

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ED-00002124

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24 specimens, 1 1/4", including six each of the following: rock-forming minerals, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Also includes a study guide.

ROCK AND ROCK-FORMING MINERALS

ROCK-FORMING MINERALS

Minerals are naturally occurring chemical compounds or elements found in the earth's crust and are the building blocks of rocks. Rocks may contain only a single mineral, but usually they contain a mixture of many minerals.

1. Quartz - Silicon dioxide, or quartz, is the most common mineral in the earth's crust.
2. Feldspar var. Microcline - This potassium aluminum silicate is common in pegmatites and in some metamorphic rocks.
3. Mica var. Muscovite - A potassium aluminum silicate that is common in granite pegmatites. Muscovite is also common in metamorphic rocks.
4. Mica var. Biotite - Some granites, schists, and gneisses contain this iron-bearing potassium aluminum silicate.
5. Calcite - Calcium carbonate is the major constituent of limestones and marbles.
6. Hornblende - This complex silicate is common in metamorphic and some igneous rocks.

IGNEOUS ROCKS

Igneous rocks were once lava or magma, that is, a molten collection of minerals. The rate at which a lava or magma cools and solidifies influences rock texture, making it either fine, medium or coarse grained.

7. Pumice - A light colored volcanic rock of rhyolitic composition; the texture results from bubbles formed by escaping gasses.
8. Obsidian - Very rapid cooling caused this volcanic rock to have its glassy appearance.
9. Basalt - This dark-colored, extrusive rock occurs as large flows, dikes, and sills.
10. Rhyolite - Quartz and microcline are the major components of rhyolite.
11. Andesite - The feldspar phenocrysts present in this light-colored, extrusive rock are the result of relatively slowly cooling lava at shallow depths.
12. Granite - Feldspars and quartz made up the majority of this intrusive rock.

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have been changed (metamorphosed), by heat, pressure, and/or hydrothermal solutions. All three rock types can be metamorphosed.

13. Mica Schist - This rock is a highly metamorphosed shale. All schists exhibit shistose structure; the generally parallel alignment of micaceous minerals.
14. Slate - The low-grade metamorphism of shale results in slate.
15. Quartzite - The "parent rock" of quartzite is quartz sandstone.
16. Gneiss - All gneisses exhibit gneissic structure, that is, alternating layers of granular minerals and micaceous minerals.
17. Garnet Schist - Shale that undergoes complete recrystallization due to metamorphism often contains high-pressure minerals such as garnet or andalusite.
18. Marble - This rock results when limestones or certain dolomites are metamorphosed.

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed from layers of sediment (fragments of older, weathered rock) exposed to pressure. Other sedimentary rocks are of organic or chemical origin.

19. Sandstone - Quartz grains cemented together by silica, calcite or other cementing minerals make up this clastic, sedimentary rock.
20. Shale - Shale is the most abundant of all the sedimentary rocks. It is usually finely bedded and is composed of silt and/or clay size particles.
21. Arkose - This clastic, sedimentary rock is made up primarily of quartz and microcline, with lesser amounts of other minerals.
22. Conglomerate - Rounded pebbles cemented together with finer material make up this clastic, sedimentary rock.
23. Breccia - is composed of re-consolidated angular fragments of gravel and/or sand size particles.
24. Limestone - This sedimentary rock is made up primarily of calcite. Some limestones are chemical in origin, while other are clastic.

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Teacher?s answers and instructions for game play are included on the enclosed answer sheet. Examples of the 95 questions on the ball:

Pyrite has what interesting nickname?

Both diamon and graphite are mineral forms of the element ______?

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When mimerals grow into regular geometric shapes, they are called _____?

True of False: Infared lights make minerals fluoresce or glow.

Rocks are made of ______?

True or False: A snow flake cyrstal qualifies as a mineral.

True or False: Most minerals can form cyrstals under the right geologic conditions.
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Mineral Hardness Scale Ruler

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Rockhounds, mineral enthusiasts, students, teachers, geologists, and any one interested in rocks and minerals will find the Mineral Hardness Ruler a handy visual aid for quick information on mineral hardness.

The two-sided, flexible, glossy, vinyl ruler consists of five scales: three measurement scales and two mineral hardness scales. The measurement scales are in standard ruler measurements of tenths of inches, sixteenths of inches, and millimeters. Mohs' relative hardness numbers are integrated into the inch scales, while a separate scale exists for an absolute mineral hardness scale by Rosiwal.

On one side of the ruler are pictures of the ten common minerals, in full color, selected by Mohs for his relative hardness scale. On the reverse side of the ruler are six common items with their relative hardnesses. These items, along with known minerals, can be used as a handy field kit to test the relative hardness of an unknown mineral.

Hardness is one property of a mineral that can be used to distinguish among similar minerals. A given mineral can scratch any other mineral of the same or softer hardness. Over a hundred years ago, the German mineralogist Frederick Mohs devised the relative hardness scale that has found favor with mineralogists for over a century. Others, such as Rosiwal, formed absolute hardness scales using the same minerals as Mohs. For example, diamond, the hardest substance in Nature is not twice as hard as apatite, 10 versus 5, but over twenty thousand times as hard, 140,000 versus 6.5.

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Profiles of almost 200 rocks and minerals

High quality color images

Fascinating facts

Data section, Periodic Table of Elements, glossary and index.
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Discover Nature in the Rocks: Things to Know and Things to Do

Combines dozens of simple, non-intrusive activities with detailed illustrations and informative text to provide a friendly introduction to hands-on study of rocks and the earth. Perfect for adults and children.

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Golden Pocket Guide Rocks, Gems, and Minerals

Includes information on collecting and identifying minerals, and sections on metallic, nonmetallic, gem and rock-forming minerals, and on igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
This is a great little pocket guide to rocks and minerals. It uses color drawings to illustrate the rocks and minerals which I find is far more handy that pictures of museum quality specimens. Rocks and minerals in the field often don't know what they're supposed to look like so they are more average than those museum exhibits!

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Mathematics : A Very Short Introduction

The aim of this book is to explain, carefully but not technically, the differences between advanced, research-level mathematics, and the sort of mathematics we learn at school. The most fundamental differences are philosophical, and readers of this book will emerge with a clearer understanding of paradoxical-sounding concepts such as infinity, curved space, and imaginary numbers. The first few chapters are about general aspects of mathematical thought. These are followed by discussions of more specific topics, and the book closes with a chapter answering common sociological questions about the mathematical community (such as "Is it true that mathematicians burn out at the age of 25?") It is the ideal introduction for anyone who wishes to deepen their understanding of mathematics.

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Experiments with Rocks and Minerals

Table of Contents

What Have You Found?

How Are Minerals Different from Rocks?

Experiment 1: Making a Mineral
Experiment 2: Making a Fossil

What Types of Rocks Can You Find?

Experiment 3: Making Sedimentary Rock
Experiment 4: Making of Other Types of Rock
Experiment 5: Testing for Limestone

Why Are Minerals Important?

Experiment 6: Making Different Shapes
Experiment 7: Taking Out the Minerals

Fun With Rocks and Minerals

Experiment 8: Testing the Minerals in Rocks

To Find Out More

Important Words

Index

Meet the Author

GB-88000041

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